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Container Linux formerly CoreOS Linux is a discontinued open-source lightweight operating system based on the Linux kernel and designed for providing infrastructure to clustered deployments, while focusing on automation, ease of application deployment, security, reliability and scalability.

As an operating system, Container Linux provided only the minimal functionality required for deploying applications inside software containers , together with built-in mechanisms for service discovery and configuration sharing. Container Linux adds new functionality and customization to this shared foundation to support server hardware and use cases. Container Linux provides no package manager as a way for distributing payload applications, requiring instead all applications to run inside their containers.

Serving as a single control host, a Container Linux instance uses the underlying operating-system-level virtualization features of the Linux kernel to create and configure multiple containers that perform as isolated Linux systems.

That way, resource partitioning between containers is performed through multiple isolated userspace instances, instead of using a hypervisor and providing full-fledged virtual machines. Initially, Container Linux exclusively used Docker as a component providing an additional layer of abstraction and interface [25] to the operating-system-level virtualization features of the Linux kernel, as well as providing a standardized format for containers that allows applications to run in different environments.

Container Linux uses ebuild scripts from Gentoo Linux for automated compilation of its system components, [15] [16] and uses systemd as its primary init system with tight integration between systemd and various Container Linux's internal mechanisms. Container Linux achieves additional security and reliability of its operating system updates by employing FastPatch as a dual-partition scheme for the read-only part of its installation, meaning that the updates are performed as a whole and installed onto a passive secondary boot partition that becomes active upon a reboot or kexec.

This approach avoids possible issues arising from updating only certain parts of the operating system, ensures easy rollbacks to a known-to-be-stable version of the operating system, and allows each boot partition to be signed for additional security. To ensure that only a certain part of the cluster reboots at once when the operating system updates are applied, preserving that way the resources required for running deployed applications, CoreOS provides locksmith as a reboot manager for Container Linux.

Internally, locksmith operates as the locksmithd daemon that runs on cluster members, while the locksmithctl command-line utility manages configuration parameters.

The updates distribution system employed by Container Linux is based on Google 's open-source Omaha project, which provides a mechanism for rolling out updates and the underlying request—response protocol based on XML.

Operations available through CoreUpdate include assigning cluster members to different groups that share customized update policies, reviewing cluster-wide breakdowns of Container Linux versions, stopping and restarting updates, and reviewing recorded update logs.

Container Linux provides etcd, a daemon that runs across all computers in a cluster and provides a dynamic configuration registry, allowing various configuration data to be easily and reliably shared between the cluster members. Container Linux also provides the fleet cluster manager which controls Container Linux's separate systemd instances at the cluster level.

As of "fleet" is no longer actively developed and is deprecated in favor of Kubernetes. Using fleetd allows the deployment of single or multiple containers cluster-wide, with more advanced options including redundancy , failover , deployment to specific cluster members, dependencies between containers, and grouped deployment of containers.

A command-line utility called fleetctl is used to configure and monitor this distributed init system; [55] internally, it communicates with the fleetd daemon using a JSON-based API on top of HTTP, which may also be used directly. When used locally on a cluster member, fleetctl communicates with the local fleetd instance over a Unix domain socket ; when used from an external host, SSH tunneling is used with authentication provided through public SSH keys.

All of the above-mentioned daemons and command-line utilities etcd , etcdctl , fleetd and fleetctl are written in the Go language and distributed under the terms of the Apache License 2. Container Linux can also be deployed through its commercial distribution called Tectonic , which additionally integrates Google's Kubernetes as a cluster management utility. As of April [update] , Tectonic is planned to be offered as beta software to select customers.

As of February [update] , Container Linux supports only the x architecture. Following its acquisition of CoreOS, Inc. For those who are putting together large, distributed systems—web applications being a prime example—CoreOS would appear to have a lot of interesting functionality.

It should allow applications of that type to grow and shrink as needed with demand, as well as provide a stable platform where upgrades are not a constant headache. For "massive server deployments", CoreOS, or something with many of the same characteristics, looks like the future. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Linux distribution. Free and open-source software portal Linux portal. Retrieved August 16, October 3, Retrieved September 22, May 22, Archived from the original on November 11, Retrieved May 22, Retrieved June 14, March 13, Archived from the original on September 12, Retrieved March 26, July 31, January 21, Retrieved January 21, Retrieved December 20, Archived from the original on February 22, Retrieved February 13, August 22, Archived from the original on February 23, Archived from the original on July 14, Retrieved May 24, March 25, Retrieved July 25, Retrieved August 28, Retrieved July 3, Archived from the original on August 4, March 10, Retrieved January 20, Docker, and More".

Retrieved June 22, Data Centre. The Register. Retrieved January 19, Retrieved June 24, June 22, Archived from the original on August 13, Retrieved January 29, Archived from the original on February 14, Retrieved February 27, Archived from the original on February 24, Retrieved May 7, June 6, Archived from the original on June 22, Retrieved April 17, February 1, January 19, Retrieved October 11, September 23, Archived from the original on May 6, June 24, Retrieved July 4, Retrieved April 16, Retrieved April 3, February 18, April 14, October 29, February 6, Retrieved September 5, Retrieved May 26, Retrieved October 22, Vaughan-Nichols April 6, Retrieved April 29, November Retrieved June 6, Wikimedia Commons has media related to CoreOS.

Virtualization software. Comparison of platform virtualization software. Docker lmctfy rkt. Rump kernel User-mode Linux vkernel.

 

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A computer program running on an ordinary operating system can see all resources connected devices, files and folders, network shares , CPU power, quantifiable hardware capabilities of that computer. However, programs running inside of a container can only see the container's contents and devices assigned to the container.

On Unix-like operating systems, this feature can be seen as an advanced implementation of the standard chroot mechanism, which changes the apparent root folder for the current running process and its children. In addition to isolation mechanisms, the kernel often provides resource-management features to limit the impact of one container's activities on other containers. Linux containers are all based on the virtualization, isolation, and resource management mechanisms provided by the Linux kernel , notably Linux namespaces and cgroups.

The term container , while most popularly referring to OS-level virtualization systems, is sometimes ambiguously used to refer to fuller virtual machine environments operating in varying degrees of concert with the host OS, e. Microsoft's Hyper-V containers. On ordinary operating systems for personal computers, a computer program can see even though it might not be able to access all the system's resources.

They include:. The operating system may be able to allow or deny access to such resources based on which program requests them and the user account in the context of which it runs. The operating system may also hide those resources, so that when the computer program enumerates them, they do not appear in the enumeration results. Nevertheless, from a programming point of view, the computer program has interacted with those resources and the operating system has managed an act of interaction.

With operating-system-virtualization, or containerization, it is possible to run programs within containers, to which only parts of these resources are allocated. A program expecting to see the whole computer, once run inside a container, can only see the allocated resources and believes them to be all that is available.

Several containers can be created on each operating system, to each of which a subset of the computer's resources is allocated. Each container may contain any number of computer programs. These programs may run concurrently or separately, and may even interact with one another.

Containerization has similarities to application virtualization : In the latter, only one computer program is placed in an isolated container and the isolation applies to file system only. Operating-system-level virtualization is commonly used in virtual hosting environments, where it is useful for securely allocating finite hardware resources among a large number of mutually-distrusting users. System administrators may also use it for consolidating server hardware by moving services on separate hosts into containers on the one server.

Other typical scenarios include separating several programs to separate containers for improved security, hardware independence, and added resource management features. The improved security provided by the use of a chroot mechanism, however, is nowhere near ironclad. Operating-system-level virtualization usually imposes less overhead than full virtualization because programs in OS-level virtual partitions use the operating system's normal system call interface and do not need to be subjected to emulation or be run in an intermediate virtual machine , as is the case with full virtualization such as VMware ESXi , QEMU , or Hyper-V and paravirtualization such as Xen or User-mode Linux.

This form of virtualization also does not require hardware support for efficient performance. Operating-system-level virtualization is not as flexible as other virtualization approaches since it cannot host a guest operating system different from the host one, or a different guest kernel.

For example, with Linux , different distributions are fine, but other operating systems such as Windows cannot be hosted. Operating systems using variable input systematics are subject to limitations within the virtualized architecture.

Adaptation methods including cloud-server relay analytics maintain the OS-level virtual environment within these applications. Solaris partially overcomes the limitation described above with its branded zones feature, which provides the ability to run an environment within a container that emulates an older Solaris 8 or 9 version in a Solaris 10 host. Linux branded zones referred to as "lx" branded zones are also available on x86 -based Solaris systems, providing a complete Linux userspace and support for the execution of Linux applications; additionally, Solaris provides utilities needed to install Red Hat Enterprise Linux 3.

Some implementations provide file-level copy-on-write CoW mechanisms. Most commonly, a standard file system is shared between partitions, and those partitions that change the files automatically create their own copies. This is easier to back up, more space-efficient and simpler to cache than the block-level copy-on-write schemes common on whole-system virtualizers.

Whole-system virtualizers, however, can work with non-native file systems and create and roll back snapshots of the entire system state. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Operating system paradigm allowing multiple isolated user space instances. This article needs additional citations for verification.

Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Chroot was never supposed to be used as a security mechanism. The rest may cannot be granted to processes within that container without allowing that process to potentially interfere with things outside that container.

Three different networking schemes are possible: route-based, bridge-based, and assigning a real network device NIC to a container. The global zone may administer the non-global zones. Network World. Network World, Inc. Retrieved Retrieved 18 August O'Reilly Series. O'Reilly Media, Inc. ISBN Proceedings of the 10th Parallel Data Storage Workshop : 13— S2CID Oracle Corporation. Running Linux containers on an illumos kernel". Limiting your program's environment".

July 9, Docker Documentation. December 6, Retrieved 12 February LXC now has support for user namespaces. May 11, Bibcode : PLoSO.. PMC PMID OpenVZ Wiki. Retrieved 28 December Available within an archive. Jails were first introduced in FreeBSD 4. BSD Cross Reference. DragonFly BSD. DragonFly Miscellaneous Information Manual. June 3, Red Hat Customer Portal. CoreOS Blog. Archived from the original on Retrieved 12 March Retrieved 4 October Virtualization software.

Comparison of platform virtualization software. Docker lmctfy rkt. Rump kernel User-mode Linux vkernel. BrandZ cgroups chroot namespaces seccomp. Categories : Virtualization Operating system technology Operating system security Linux containerization Linux Linux kernel features.

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Namespaces Article Talk. Views Read Edit View history. Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file. Download as PDF Printable version. Wikimedia Commons. Most UNIX-like operating systems. Partial [a]. Apache License 2. Not directly. Yes since 1. Linux , Windows Server Yes [b]. Partial [c]. Partial [d]. Yes [14].